During the Fate of the Skaal Quest, after arriving at Saering's Watch and fighting the Elder dragon there, the dragon is killed, and the lighting effects and audio effects of Miraak's teleportation occur, but
Spoiler:
Miraak does not absorb the soul of the dragon. I am also unable to absorb its soul. Miraak is not visible, however after some searching around, I am able to find a dialogue prompt for Miraak near where the teleportation effect occurs, but selecting it does nothing.
I loaded an earlier save file, returned to Skyrim, Winterhold specifically, and had a random dragon encounter almost immediately, with another Elder Dragon. After killing it,
Spoiler:
Miraak's teleportation effect occurred again, and once again, Miraak's model did not appear. However, his taunting dialogue occurred this time, and he absorbed the soul. I returned to Saering's Watch, fought the Elder Dragon again, and the same original problem occurred, teleportation effects happened, Miraak did not appear, and the soul was not absorbed.